Малькевич

Mustafa Barzani and the Kurdish liberation movement (1931-1961) s103
Imię Malko wystepuje też wśród Kurdów.


Kurdowie – lud pochodzenia indoeuropejskiego, zamieszkujący przede wszystkim krainę zwaną Kurdystanem podzieloną pomiędzy Turcję, Irak, Iran i Syrię. Odosobnione enklawy Kurdów żyją także w tureckiej Anatolii, wschodnim Iranie (tzw. enklawa chorezmijska), w korytarzu oddzielającym Armenię od okręgu Górnego Karabachu (tzw. Czerwony Kurdystan) oraz Afganistanie.

Pochodzenie
Ich korzenie sięgają starożytności, lecz dokładne pochodzenie nie jest jasne. Jedna z hipotez zakłada, że wywodzą się od Medów, którzy wraz z Babilończykami obalili imperium asyryjskie w latach 614-610 p.n.e. (za punkt wyjściowy historii Kurdów często podaje się zdobycie Niniwy przez króla Medów Kyaksaresa w 612 p.n.e.)[4][5], aby kilkadziesiąt lat później ulec Persom i wejść w skład monarchii Achemenidów. W epoce perskiego imperium Sasanidów znani jako Kardochowie. W VII wieku zostali podbici przez Arabów i zislamizowani, a w XI wieku ponownie podbici przez Seldżuków. Z tego okresu pochodzi ich obecna nazwa. Jednym z najbardziej znanych Kurdów jest Salah ad-Din, czyli Saladyn, który odbił Jerozolimę z rąk krzyżowców w XII wieku.




Język kurdyjski wraz z językami staroperskim, nowoperskim, pasztuńskim (błędnie zwanym afgańskim), beludżi oraz wymarłymi dialektami średniowiecznymi należy do grupy języków indoirańskich, którymi posługuje się około 500 milionów ludzi na terytorium rozciągającym się od wschodniej Turcji po Pakistan i zachodnią część Indii.


Мустафа Барзани и курдское освободительное движение (1931-1961) c103
Имя Малько происходит и среди Курдов.

Курды - народ индо-европейского происхождения, в основном живущих в земле называют Курдистан разделен между Турцией, Ираком, Ираном и Сирией. Изолированных анклавах курдов проживают также в турецкой Анатолии, восточный Иран (так называемые анклава chorezmijska), в коридоре разделяющей района Армении из Нагорного Карабаха (так называемый Красный Курдистан), и в Афганистане.

Происхождения
Их корни восходят к древности, но точное происхождение остается неясным. Одна из гипотез предполагает, что вытекают из Мидии, который вместе с вавилонянами свергли ассирийской империи в годы 614-610 до н.э. (отправной точкой для истории усиления курдов часто ссылаются царя Ниневии Kyaksaresa Мидии в 612 до н.э.) [4] [5], что несколько десятилетий спустя, персы, и стать частью монархии Ахеменидов. В эпоху Персидской империи Сасанидов известный как Kardochowie. В седьмом веке они были завоеваны арабами и zislamizowani, в одиннадцатом веке повторно завоевана сельджуков. С этого периода их нынешнее название. Один из самых известных является курдов Салах ад-Дин, или Саладин, который вновь Иерусалим из рук крестоносцев в двенадцатом веке.

Курдский язык, включая языки staroperskim, nowoperskim, пуштунских (афганской ошибочно называют), белуджи и вымерших средневековых диалектов принадлежит к индо-иранской языковой группы, на котором говорят около 500 миллионов человек в территории, простирающейся от восточной Турции до Пакистана и западной части Индии.


Toponyms of Kurdish origin are mostly found in a relatively small woodland area with black soil, bordering the Dniester in the south and clearly marked by large forest tracts in the west and north. As is clear on a contemporary map of the area, the river Zolota Lypa borders the western forestland, while a strip of forest stretches from Zoločiv in the northeast up to Kremenec’, whence it extends east through Šepetovka to Žitomyr. Though the eastern forest tract is not articulated as clearly now, the territory to the south of Vinnycja and Khmel’nyc’kyj Regions remains significantly more wooded than Ternopil’ Region and the western part of Khmel’nyc’kyj Region. We will soon stop to evaluate a few toponyms that have been found in this territory. There are several settlements in Ternopil’ and Vinnycja Regions based on “džuryn.” In addition, a right tributary of the Dniester called Džurin gives us reason to speculate on the origin of these names in Kurd. coran (džoran), “to flow.” Another right tributary of Dniester but one noted for its slow current, Bariš may derive from Kurd. bariş, “quiet.” A village on the river’s shore has the same name. Several villages in the area have names corresponding with those of the nearest rivers or streams. Among these are the two villages of Bahlaj, Buhlaj and Bahlajky in Khmel’nyc’kyj Region. Their names may derive from Kurd. beq, “frog," and leyi, “stream.” Afg. buglaj, “heron," comes close as well, but other toponyms of possible Afghan origin in Right Bank Ukraine are far and few apart, and all of them have alternative interpretations. There are two rivers named Žvan, one named Žvančik and several villages of the same name in Khmel’nyc’kyj and Vinnycja Regions. Jwan (žvan) means “meeting, appointment” in Kurdish. While the phonetic correlation is total, the inspiration behind these toponyms is not totally clear. No clearer is the inspiration for the name of the river Seret, which has its source in the tributaries Right Seret and Left Seret, into which the Small Seret flows. Though Kurd. sereta, “beginning," does not verge on the name of the river in any definitive way, there are some villages adjacent to the source of the Seret at the end of this area that are named Kitajhorod, meaning “final, outermost settlement” and deriving from Kurd. kutayî, “ending, end.” The names of the villages Narajiv and Narajivka in Ternopil’, Khmel’nyc’kyj and Vinnycja Regions may be taken to mean “hearth” or “fireplace,” as Kurd. nar- means “fire,” and e'yal “family.”

Located near to the geographic center of the Kurds’ presumed settlement area is the ancient Ukrainian city of Terebovlja, which once was even the capital of an independent principality. The choice of this city as a capital in ancient Rus’ may have been motivated by the fact that Terebovlja served as the center of the territory’s erstwhile residents. The etymologization of the city’s name by way of the Ukrainian language yields something rather dull and unbecoming of a capital, which naturally would go better with a more esteemed title. Kurdish affords the toponym a more stately interpretation – “sacred joy” (Kurd. tereb, “joy, happiness,” ewlî, “sacred"). There is yet another variant – “sacred tombs” (Kurd. tirb, “tomb"). While this presents certain phonetic difficulties, tirb might naturally have turned into tereb when harmonized into Ukrainian phonetics. The fact is that where describing the Scythians’ war with Persia under Darius I, Herodotus cites Scythians’ accounts of their kings’ tombs, something they were prepared to defend from invaders should they be uncovered (Herodotus, IV, 127). While the site of these tombs is unknown, there is reason to believe that they could be located in the steppes, as the forces Darius commanded were in the Scythian steppes. Terebovlja may possibly have been a burial place for Scythian kings. As we cannot inspect all the toponyms of Kurdish origin separately here, only a few additional examples are given below:

The village of Avratin, northeast of Voločys’k in Ternopil’ Region – Kurd. afret, “wife, woman;”

The village of Baznikivka, southwest of Kozeva in Ternopil’ Region – Kurd. baz, “falcon,” nikul, “beak;”

The village of Balakiry, east of Horodok in Ternopil’ Region – Kurd. bala, “top,” kir, “excitation, ecstasy ;”

The village of Hermakivka (Germakivka), southeast of Borščev in Ternopil’ Region – Kurd. germik, “warm place;”

Villages of Velyki and Mali Dederkaly on the outskirts of Kremenec’ in Ternopil’ Region – Kurd. dederi, “tramp,” kal, “old;”

The village of Džulynka, northeast of Beršad’ in Vinnycja Region – Kurd. colan, “cradle;”

The village of Zamekhiv, east of Nova Ušycja in Khmel’nyc’kyj Region – Kurd. zome, “nomadic community ,” hév -, “to lead;”

The village of Kalaharivka (Kalagarivka), southeast of Hrymajliv in Ternopil’ Region – Kurd. qal, "to kindle,” agir, “a flame;”

The village of Kasperivci in the surburbs of Zaleščiky in Ternopil’ Region and the village of Kašperivka, north of Kozjatyn – Kurd. kaş, “ravine,” pira, “bridge;”

The village of Kilikijev, northeast of Slavuty in Khmel’nyc’kyj Region – Kurd. kelek, “ferry;”

The village of Kinakhivci, northeast of Vyšnevec’ in Vinnycja Region – Kurd. kûnax, “overnight lodging;”

The village of Kokošynci, north of Hrymajliv in Ternopil’ Region – Kurd. kok, “fat,” aş, “soup;”

The village of Kokutkivci, northwest of Ternopil’ – Kurd. ko, “curve,” kutek, “cudgel;”

The village of Mikhirinci, northeast of Voločys’k – Kurd. mexer, “ruins;”

The village of Palašivka, west of Čortkiv in Ternopil’ Region – Kurd. pelaş, “straw;”

The village of Tauriv, west of Ternopil’ – Kurd. tawer, “rock;”

The villages Čepeli near Brody in L’viv Region and northeast of Khmel’nyk in Vinnycja Region, and the village of Čepelivka in Khmel’nyc’kyj Region in the suburbs of Krasilov – Kurd. çepel, “dirty.”

From the proceeding, we see that the greatest quantity of toponyms with Kurdish origins is concentrated in an area stretching from Zolota Lypa in the west up to Khmel’nyc’kyj in the east. The strip of Kurdish toponyms extends to Mohyliv-Podil’skyj along the left bank of the Dniester, taking a turn at Hajsin, then ending with a scattered web of toponyms in a Right Bank forest-steppe zone past Uman’. While there are fewer specific toponyms of Kurdish origin in Left Bank Ukraine, some of them are rather distinctive. Below Zolotonoša in Čerkasy Region is the river Irklej, a left tributary of the Dnieper, and the village of Irklijiv at the river, with yet another Irklej, this one a right tributary, flowing opposite of Tjasmyn. As both rivers flow into ravines, Kurd erq, “ravine,” and leyi- “stream" suit features of the local environment very well. The same root leyi is present in the name of Balakleja city in Kharkiv Region and a village of the same name in Poltava Region. The second part of the word comes from Kurd. belek, “white.” The meaning behind the name of the well-known village Keleberda in Čerkasy Region becomes clear when taking into account Kurd. kele, “head," and berd, “stone.”

The irrefutable evidence of the ancient Kurds’ presence on the Right Bank at once brings attention to the question of how they actually got there. Considering the general movement of the Iranian tribes from the area of their primary settlement between the Dnieper and Don to the south and southeast, we may presume the Kurds’ forebears to have arrived on the Azov steppes, whence they crossed the Dnieper and moved further northwest. In the process, they displaced an older Thracian population to the southwest and local Bulgars to the west. The belt of Kurdish toponyms from Hajsin and further west along the Dniester may well mark their ancestors’ route; however, the presence of Kurdish toponyms in Černihiv, Kyiv and Žitomyr Regions lends credence to the variant in which the Kurds’ ancestors left their ancestral home, traveled down the Desna to the Dnieper, crossed the river and moved on to the west. This migration must have proceeded for a rather long time, with some fraction of the party settling at new stops along the way and preserving the old names of the villages and rivers thereabout. Yet there are few toponyms of clear Kurdish origin in the Kurds’ ancestral homeland. Some of them may be the names of the rivers Biškin, Vorholka (Vorgolka), Esman’, Zvan’, Romen, as well as the villages deriving from them. Besides these, there are toponyms on the Seym and Desna that may be etymologized via Kurdish or other Iranian languages, but determining their origin is difficult. For instance, the name of the town of Zamhlaj and the river Zamhlaj, which flows into the Desna above Černihiv, seem rather consistent with Kurd. zong, “bog," and leyi, “stream.” But this area happens to be the ancestral home of the Sogdians, whose modern-day descendents speak Yagnobian. While similar words in Yagnobian could not be found in this investigation, there is want for Yagnobian dictionaries of great volume. The same may be said for the toponyms Ževed’, Kerbutivka, Atiusha, Jevminka, Belmačivka. We may speak more assuredly about the Iranian toponyms found beyond the Dnieper. Several such ones follow:

The village of Avratin in the southern suburbs of Ljubar in Žitomyr Region – Kurd. afret, “ the wife, the woman ;”

The village of Devošin, northwest of Ovruč – Kurd. dewa, “medicine,” şîn, “to the mountain;”

The town of Byšiv in Kyiv Region – Kurd. bişav, “solution,” bişev, “to dilute;”

The village of Termakhivka, northwest of Ivankiv in Kyiv Region – Kurd. term, “body, corpse , ax, “ground;”

The village of Kašperivka, south of Novohrad-Volyns’kyj – Kurd. kaş, “ravine,” pira, “bridge;”

The village of Narajivka, southeast of Emčyn in Žitomyr Region – Kurd. nar-, “fire,” e'yal, “family;”

Narovlja in Belarus on the lower Pripjat’ – Kurd. nar, “fire,” ewlî, “sacred” (Iranian are known for their fire cult);

As only a few toponyms of Baltic origin may be found in the ancient territory of the Angles (Kekišivka, Kremna, Latašy, Nerč, Tnja, Ten’ka and so on), we may assume that the Proto-Kurds probably displaced the Angles, with the Balts later arriving and forcing the Proto-Kurds to move further on. The presence of Balts south of the Pripjat’ corroborates the Baltic-Thracian linguistic connections noted by experts (Duridanov Ivan, 1969). So, before choosing a final area to settle, the Proto-Kurds continued their migration, making yet another stop along their way at the forestless land beyond a wooded tract to the north of Šepetivka. This area is crowded with toponyms of Kurdish origin – Bačmanivka, Kilikiev, Mirutyn, Narajivka, Khonjakiv, Manjatyn. From here, the Proto-Kurds gradually moved southward, displacing the Bulgars from their settlements. The incidence of toponyms with Bulgarish origins in Ternopil’, Khmel’nyc’kyj and Vinnycja Regions indicates that prior to the Kurds’ arrival, Bulgars lived in the area, which adjoined Thracian settlements in the east.

Являются ли эти топонимов курдского происхождения, происхождения трудно
сказать. Эта область указан как одинаково исключительное расположение
slawizacji сербов и хорватов w V-VI c.н.э. Если они придут toponima
Курды должны возникнуть до 600 г. до н.э..

Luche

ПАМЯТНАЯ КНИЖКА ВОЛЫНСКОЙ ГУБЕРНИИ НА 1886г.

стр.68 – Малькевич - Ходаковский Николай Лукич, Т.С., канцелярия губернатора.

С праздником весны Вас.

С уважением – Ludvika.

Słownik geograficzny Królestwa Polskiego i innych krajów słowiańskich, Tom II S.443.

Gajów w Inflantach polskich

Słowienie to prawdopodobnie Słowianie Ilmeńscy (Nowogród Wielki).
Wielkopolanie(Polanie z Wielkopolski)

1. Teza, że Wiślanie to inny lud niż Lachowie/Lechici (Lenzinoi?) ORAZ inny niż Polanie
2. Teza, że Wiślanie to najprawdopodobniej Białochorwaci
3. Słowienie Ilmeńscy (Nowogród Wielki). podobni są do Wiślan i Ślężan ?
4. Pomorzanie są podobni zarówno do Słowian zach. i wsch? Po najeździe Scytów 500r p.n.e (zniszczenie kultury Łużyckiej).
Scytowie doszli do Odry. Resztki tej kultury zostały na Pomorzu.



Teoria drogi Serbów z Kaukazu

In the Caucasus region, we find some of the toponyms related to the Serb name in Georgia (Serbaisi, Serebryannoye or Serebryanyy, Serebryanoye), and Azerbaijan (Serebovski or Serebrovskiy, Seri-abad, Ser-Abad).
There are also many toponyms related to the Serb name found in Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Poland, Germany, which can show possible ways of the migration of Serbs from the Caucasus to Central Europe and to their present location in the Balkans.
The location of these toponyms could suggest that Serbs moved from the Caucasus in two directions: northwest and northeast. It is suggested that the northwestern group later reached the Carpathians, Central Europe and the Balkans, while the southeastern group reached the Ural mountains, Kama river, Siberia (according to some towns named after the Serbs), and the coast of the Sea of Japan, where there are two towns named 'Serbia' and two other towns named after the Serb toponym 'Rashka'.
The Serbs toponyms are the most densely concentrated in the territory of modern Czech Republic, Western Ukraine, and southern Poland as well as Eastern Germany.

In the Caucasus, the homeland of the Serbs, they left their traces around the river Volga (Araxes in Greek). In modern Georgian, that river is called "Rashki". This name was used by Balkan Serbs as a name for their first state and is found wherever the name Serb is found in clusters indicating settlements. It is often used to designate hydronyms and likely meant 'river' or 'water' in Old Serb.

The Serbs migrated in two directions from the Caucasus, northwest and northeast. Those who went northwest became overlords to the Slavs. There they established a mighty empire and became slavicized.


The Caucasian Avars who conquered the Balkans have given Serbia, Crna Gora,
and Albania the names each respectively bears today. In the Lesghian-Avar
language, the Balkan Crna Gora carries the same toponym of the land they
left behind in the Caucasus: also called Crna Gora, now part of Daghestan.
In the Lesghian-Avar language: Srbi means "people." Also, in the
Lesghian-Avar language: Albania is the land they called their homeland,
neighbouring Armenia, once known as Ancient Caucasian Albania, dating back
2,000 years ago, but still found in old maps.

You see, the ancestors of the Serbs, Montnegrins, and Albanians were Avar
tribes (not to be confused with Mongol tribes near Siberia) from the
Caucasus, however the indigenous people such as the Thracians, Dacians,
Illyrians, and Slav retainers, were fussed with them, giving mixed signals
to us all today.


"Chor" w osetyńskim znaczy słońce.

They both came to the Balkans to fight, booty and re-settle Slavs, just like the Bulgarian-Utigurs did, a Turkic people, another race altogether.

It is no wonder that the Croats claim that they are of Persian antecedents today. "Hrvati" means followers of the sun in Ossetian (Persian) dialect. There is a Persian tribe by the name of Hrvati as well.


Avar name
Avarian Philologists think the Avar name is coming from Caucasian Avarian "Bo" = "the armed nation" , and "Or" = "the river" words. [4]Bo-or , is the ancient A-Bar name of the White Khuns. İts means that the army is using ferrum and horses. First Huns were the Sino-Caucasian. But later Huns were Aryan mixed.

Bo-or ->Obry?


Thanks to the unusual sagacity of their leader (Kagan Bayan, ca. 558-582), they succeeded in securing all six within a decade (558-568). Evidently the Iranian merchants of the «Alan» confederacy, who immediately recognized that the future pax would hold great opportunities for them, provided the Avars with funds while they were still in the North Caucasus. Proof of this is that the Avars requested and received assistance from the «king» of the Alans in establishing contacts with Byzantium [172]. Subsequently, all territories important for commercial strategy, including the Danube limes, the Elbe frontier with the Franks, and the Baltic coast, immediately came under the control of the Iranian establishments, called in the sources Serbs, Croats, Obotriti and Vilti [173].


The first to join the Avars as partners were the Hunnic Onnoġurs and Quturġurs, and, a little later, the Tarniax [174]. Soon they forced into the confederacy other Hunnic groups, the Utiġurs and the Proto-Mongolian Ζαβενδέρ = Zäben-der (= Säbir), who previously had ordinarily cooperated with Byzantium [175].


To organize a military force, the Avars needed the military and administrative specialists obtainable from sedentary states. At that time this meant Byzantium and the Frankish empire. Bayan, the new charismatic leader, chose to look to the Franks. His first attack on the Frankish frontier was defeated, in 562 [176]. Three years later, however, he won a great victory over the Frankish king Sigibert and, to judge from the data in






Volga
ancient Scythian hydronym *Rhā, supposedly cognate with the ancient Avestan and Sanskrit names Rañha and Rasah for a mythical river, which was said to flow around the Earth.[3] It has been suggested that the name Russia may have been derived from Rasah/Rosah, the Iranic name of the Volga River (F.Knauer, Moscow 1901). These Iranic words are all connected in their primary meaning of "dew, liquid, moisture".


Ciekawe że Obodryci kolonizujący w VIIw. Rugię nazwali ją Rana. Ponadto dawna nazwa rzeki Kubań to Antykit(Anty ?). Ponadto jego dopływ nosi nazwę Łaba. Tutaj nasuwa się pytanie czy nazwa Łaba była od dawna czy pojawiła się w czasach późniejszych. Nazwa pierwszego państwa serbskiego na Bałkanach to
Raszka

Интересно, что в VIIw Obotrici назвали Рюген Рана . Кроме того, прежнее название реки Кубань Antykit (Anti?) . Кроме того, его поставки называется Łaba . Здесь возникает вопрос название Łaba уже давно, которые появились в более поздние времена. Имя первого сербского государства на Балканах
Рашка

Buzz-Спасибо! Очень интересная информация!
Знаю, что под Житомиром было гнездо Малькевичей, а Овруч- недалеко, тоже под Житомиром, может моя прабабушка все-таки оттуда...